OECD üyesi ülkelerin ulusal inovasyon sistemleriyle ilgili kuruluþlarýnýn Internet adresleri

 

OECD

 

A. OECD Member Countries

 

Australia

Austria

Belgium

Canada

Czech Republic

Denmark

Finland

France

Germany

Greece

Hungary

Iceland

Ireland

Italy

Japan

Korea

Luxembourg

Mexico

Netherlands

New Zealand

Norway

Poland

Portugal

Slovak Republic

Spain

Sweden

Switzerland

Turkey

United Kingdom

United States

 

B. Non-member countries that OECD maintains co-operative relations with.

 

Brazil

Chine

India

Israel

Malaysia

Russia

South Africa

 

OECD

 

·        OECD-Home http://www.oecd.org/

·        OECD-DSTI (Directorate for Science, Technology and Industry) http://www.oecd.org/department/0,2688,en_2649_33703_1_1_1_1_1,00.html

·        OECD-DSTI-CSTP (Committee for Scientific and Technological Policy) http://www.oecd.org/document/35/0,2340,en_2649_34269_1895587_1_1_1_1,00.html

·        OECD > Science and Innovation http://www.oecd.org/topic/0,2686,en_2649_37417_1_1_1_1_37417,00.html

·        OECD > Enterprise, Industry and Services http://www.oecd.org/topic/0,2686,en_2649_37461_1_1_1_1_37461,00.html

·        OECD - CFE (Centre for Entrepreneurship, SMEs and Local Development) http://www.oecd.org/department/0,2688,en_2649_33956792_1_1_1_1_1,00.html

·        OECD > Growth http://www.oecd.org/topic/0,2686,en_2649_37451_1_1_1_1_37451,00.html

·        OECD > Statistics Portal http://www.oecd.org/statsportal/0,2639,en_2825_293564_1_1_1_1_1,00.html  

·        OECD – SourceOECD [OECD's Online Library of Statistical Databases, Books and Periodicals] http://lysander.sourceoecd.org/

·        OECD > Publishing http://www.oecd.org/publishing

·        OECD > Science and Innovation > Publications & Documents > Manuals, Sources and Methods http://www.oecd.org/findDocument/0,2350,en_2649_37417_1_119669_1_1_37417,00.html

·        OECD - Online Bookshop http://www.oecdbookshop.org/oecd/index.asp?lang=en

·        OECD - Country Web Pages http://www.oecd.org/countrieslist/0,3025,en_33873108_33844430_1_1_1_1_1,00.html

·        OECD - Country Web Pages > Turkey http://www.oecd.org/country/0,3021,en_33873108_33873854_1_1_1_1_1,00.html 

 

A. OECD Member Countries

 

Country Web Sites

 

Australia

 

·        Mapping Australia's Science and Innovation System http://www.dest.gov.au/mapping/

·        Australian Government Science Portal http://www.science.gov.au/Pages/Home.aspx

 

·        Department of Industry, Tourism and Resources http://www.industry.gov.au/

·         AusIndustry http://www.ausindustry.gov.au/

[Australian Government's business program delivery division in the Department of Industry, Tourism and Resources and it provides a range of incentives to support business innovation.] 

·         Biotechnology Australia http://www.biotechnology.gov.au/

[A multi-departmental Government agency established in 1999]

·         Geoscience Australia http://www.ga.gov.au/

·         Invest Australia http://www.investaustralia.gov.au/

·         IP Australia http://www.ipaustralia.gov.au/

·         IP Toolbox http://www.iptoolbox.gov.au/

[Online guide to the practical use and management of intellectual property]

·        National Innovation Website http://www.innovation.gov.au/

 

·        Department of Education, Science and Training http://www.dest.gov.au/

·         Chief Scientist http://www.dest.gov.au/ChiefScientist/

·         CCST - Coordination Committee on Science and Technology http://www.dest.gov.au/science/ccst/

·        PMSEIC - Prime Minister’s Science, Engineering and Innovation Council http://www.dest.gov.au/science/pmseic/default.htm

 

·        Department of Communications, Information Technology and the Arts www.dcita.gov.au

·        Department of Health and Ageing www.health.gov.au

 

·        ARC - Australian Research Council www.arc.gov.au

·        ‘IP Australia’ and the Advisory Council on Industrial Property www.ipaustralia.gov.au

·        Australian Government Grants Link http://www.grantslink.gov.au/

 

·        AAS - Australian Academy of Science http://www.science.org.au/

·        ATSE - Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering http://www.atse.org.au/

·        Australian Association for Research in Education http://www.aare.edu.au/index.htm

·        AICTEC - Australian Information and Communications Technology in Education Committee http://www.aictec.edu.au/

·        NHMRC - National Health and Medical Research Council http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/

·        NICTA - National ICT Australia http://nicta.com.au/

·        Australian Stem Cell Centre http://www.stemcellcentre.edu.au/

 

·        Research Institutions http://www.science.gov.au/Pages/Institutions.aspx

·         Universities

·         Information about Higher Education in Australia

·         Government Research Organisations:

·         Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)

·         Anglo-Australian Observatory

·         Australian Antarctic Division

·         Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR)

·         Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS)

·         Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO)

·         Bureau of Meteorology (BOM)

·         Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research and Australian National Herbarium

·         Cooperative Research Centres (CRCs)

·         Defence Science and Technology Organisation (DSTO)

·         Geoscience Australia

·         Ionospheric Prediction Service

·         Medical Research Institutes:

·         Austin Research Institute

·         The Baker Institute

·         Garvan Institute of Medical Research

·         Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research

·         Burnet Institute

·         Mater Misericordiae Hospital - Mater Medical Research Institute

·         Menzies Research Institute

·         Prince of Wales Medical Research Institute

·         Queensland Institute of Medical Research

·         The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute

·         Howard Florey Institute

·         Biotechnology Research Organisations:

·         Australian Genome Research Facility

·         Australian Proteome Analysis Facility

·         QUT Cluster for Molecular Biotechnology

·         Institute for Molecular Bioscience

·         Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics

   

Austria

 

·        BMUKK - Bundesministerin für Unterricht, Kunst und Kultur (Federal Ministry for Education, the Arts and Culture) http://www.bmukk.gv.at/;

·        BMWA - Bundesministerium Für Wirtschaft Und Arbeit (Federal Ministry of Economics and Labour) http://www.bmwa.gv.at/

·        BMWF - Bundesministeriums für Wissenschaft und Forschung (Federal Ministry of Science and Research) http://www.bmwf.gv.at/ 

·        Austrian Council for Research and Technology Development http://www.rat-fte.at/

 

·        Austrian Academy of Sciences http://www.oeaw.ac.at/

 

·        FWF - Der Wissenschaftsfonds (Austrian Science Fund) http://www.fwf.ac.at/; http://www.fwf.ac.at/en/index.asp

·        FFG - Österreichische Forschungsförderungsgesellschaft (Austrian Research Promotion Agency) http://www.ffg.at/

[The Austrian Industrial Research Promotion Fund (FFF), the Technologie Impulse Gesellschaft (TIG), The Austrian Space Agency (ASA) and the Bureau for International Research and Technology Cooperation (BIT) have been merged into the FFG since September 1st 2004.]

·        Institute of Technology Assessment http://www.oeaw.ac.at/ita/welcome.htm

·        Innovation Network Navigator Austria www.inna.at/default.asp

·        tip - technology information policy consulting (A research and consulting program for Austrian research, technology and innovation policy.) http://www.tip.ac.at/

 

Belgium

 

·        Belgian Federal Government http://belgium.fgov.be

·        Belgian Portal for Research and Innovation http://www.research.be/

·        Belgian Science Policy http://www.belspo.be/

·        Federal Council for Science Policy http://www.belspo.be/belspo/council/index_en.stm

 

·        Flanders Authority [on-line portal] www.flanders.be

·        FWO - Fonds voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek – Vlaanderen (Research Foundation – Flanders) http://sun.fwo.be/; http://www.fwo.be/en/index.aspx 

·        IWT - Flemish Institute for the Promotion of Scientific-Technological Research www.iwt.be

·        SERV - Flemish Technology Foundation http://www.serv.be

·        VITO - Flemish Institute for Technological Research www.vito.be

·        Flemish Organisation for Development, Cooperation and Technical Assistance http://www.vvob.be

·        GIMV - Investment company for Flanders [specialised in private equity] www.gimv.be

·        Flanders Institute for Biotechnology www.vib.be; http://www.vib.be/VIB/EN/

·        IMEC - Interuniversity MicroElectronics Center http://www.imec.be/

·        Technopolis - The Flemish science centre in Mechelen http://www.technopolis.be/nl/index.php

 

·        BRDA - Brussels Regional Development Agency www.gomb.irisnet.be; GOMB - Gewestelijke Ontwikkelingsmaatschappij voor het Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest (publiekrechtelijke paragewestelijke instelling) http://www.gomb.irisnet.be/nl/main.asp
SDRB -
Société de Développement pour la Région de Bruxelles-Capitale (institution publique pararégionale) http://www.gomb.irisnet.be/fr/main.asp

·        Union Wallone des Entreprises www.uwe.be

·        Centre de Entreprise Heracles www.heracles.be

·        La Maison de l’Entreprise www.lme.be

·        Bureau Economique de la Province de Namur www.bep.be

 

Canada

 

·        Innovation in Canada Portal http://innovation.gc.ca/

·        SITT - Spectrum, Information Technologies and Telecommunications Gateway http://strategis.ic.gc.ca/app/sitt/portal/jsp/splash_page.jsp

·        Canadian government http://canada.gc.ca

·        Departments and Agencies http://canada.gc.ca/depts/major/depind_e.html

 

·        Industry Canada http://www.ic.gc.ca/

·        ACST - Prime Minister’s Advisory Council on Science and Technology http://acst-ccst.gc.ca

·        NRC - National Research Council Canada http://www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/; http://www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/main_e.html

·        NRC/BRI - Biotechnology Research Institute of the National Research Council Canada http://www.bri.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/ 

·        NSERC - Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada http://www.nserc-crsng.gc.ca/

·        SSHRC - Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada http://www.sshrc.ca/web/home_e.asp

·        NCE - Networks of Centres of Excellence http://www.nce-rce.gc.ca/

·        CFI - Canada Foundation for Innovation http://www.innovation.ca/   

·        BDC - Business Development Bank of Canada http://www.bdc.ca/en/home.htm

·        CBSCs - Canada Business Service Centres http://www.cbsc.org/english/index.cfm

·        Economic Development Agency of Canada for Quebec Regions http://www.dec-ced.gc.ca/asp/General/Main.asp?LANG=EN

·        DRDC - Defence R&D Canada http://www.drdc-rddc.gc.ca/

·        Environment Canada's Internet http://www.ec.gc.ca/envhome.html

·        The 5NR / Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada http://www.agr.gc.ca/

·        Environment Canada http://www.ec.gc.ca/

·        Fisheries and Oceans Canada http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/

·        Health Canada http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ 

·        Natural Resources Canada http://www.nrcan-rncan.gc.ca/inter/index.html  

·        TPC - Technology Partnerships Canada http://tpc-ptc.ic.gc.ca/

·        HRSD - Department of Human Resources and Skills Development http://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/en/home.shtml

 

Czech Republic

 

·        Research and Development in the Czech Republic http://www.vyzkum.cz/Default.aspx?lang=en

·        Government of the Czech Republic www.vlada.cz

·        Research and Development Council of the Government of the Czech Republic http://www.vyzkum.cz/FrontClanek.aspx?idsekce=1019)

·        Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports www.msmt.cz

·        Ministry of Industry and Trade www.mpo.cz

·        Ministry of Health www.mzcr.cz

·        Academy of Sciences of Czech Republic http://www.cas.cz/

·        Czech Science Foundation http://www.gacr.cz/ 

 

Denmark

 

·        Ministeriet for Videnskab, Teknologi og Udvikling (Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation) http://videnskabsministeriet.dk/site/forside; http://videnskabsministeriet.dk/site/frontpage

·         Forsknings- og Innovationsstyrelsen (Danish Agency for Science, Technology and Innovation) http://fist.dk/site/forside; http://fist.dk/site/english

The Danish Agency for Science, Technology and Innovation provides secretarial services to:

·         The Danish Councils for Independent Research (Scientific Research Councils)

·         The Danish Medical Research Council

·         The Danish Natural Science Research Council

·         The Danish Research Council for the Humanities

·         The Danish Research Council for Technology and Production Sciences

·         The Danish Social Science Research Council

·         The Danish Council for Strategic Research

·         The Danish Council for Technology and Innovation

·         The Danish Council for Research Policy

·         The Danish Research Coordination Committee

·         The Danish Committees on Scientific Dishonesty 

·         IT- og Telestyrelsen (The National IT and Telecom Agency) http://www.itst.dk/forside.asp; http://www.itst.dk/mainpage.asp

·         Universitets- og Bygningsstyrelsen (The Danish University and Property Agency [responsible for educational and institutional policies that support university managements focusing on priorities and goals]) http://www.ubst.dk/

 

·        Danish Ministry of Economic and Business Affairs www.em.dk

 

·        ATV - Danish Academy of Technical Sciences http://www.atv.dk/andet/forside.html

 

·        Danish National Advanced Technology Foundation http://www.hoejteknologifonden.dk

·        The Danish Expedition Foundation http://www.galathea3.dk/

·        The National Research Foundation http://www.dg.dk/

 

·        The Danish Rector's Conference http://www.rks.dk/sider/kontakt/rks.htm

 

·        Risø National Laboratory http://www.risoe.dk/risoedk/; http://risoe-staged.risoe.dk/?lang=da    

 

Finland

   

·        Kauppa- ja teollisuusministeriön (Ministry of Trade and Industry [responsible for technology policy]) http://www.ktm.fi/; http://www.ktm.fi/index.phtml?menu_id=12&lang=3  

·        Opetusministeriö (Ministry of Education [responsible for developing educational, science, cultural, sport and youth policies and international cooperation in these fields]) http://www.minedu.fi/OPM/; http://www.minedu.fi/OPM/?lang=en

·         Research in Finland http://www.minedu.fi/OPM/Tiede/?lang=en

·        Agencies and organisations in research http://www.minedu.fi/OPM/Tiede/tieteeseen_liittyviae_organisaatioita_ja_toimijoita/?lang=en  

·        Maa- ja metsätalousministeriö (Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry) http://www.mmm.fi/fi/index/virhe.html; http://www.mmm.fi/en/index/frontpage.html

·        Ministry of Transportation and Communications http://www.mintc.fi/   

·        Science and Technology Policy Council of Finland http://www.valtioneuvosto.fi/hallitus/tiedeneuvosto/en.jsp

 

·        Suomen Akatemia (Academy of Finland) http://www.aka.fi

 

·        TEKES - National Technology Agency http://www.tekes.fi; http://www.tekes.fi/eng/default.asp

·        SITRA - Finnish National Fund for Research and Development http://www.sitra.fi/fi; http://www.sitra.fi/en/

·        Technical Research Centre of Finland - Technology Studies www.vtt.fi

·        Finnish Technology Award Foundation http://www.technologyawards.org/

 

France

 

·        Ministère de l’Économie, des finances et de l’industrie (Ministry of Economy, Finance and Industry) http://www.minefi.gouv.fr/;

·        Ministère délégué à l'Industrie [Le Ministère délégué à l'Industrie s'est engagé dans une politique en faveur de l'innovation destinée à créer un environnement favorable à la confiance et à l'initiative des entrepreneurs.] http://www.industrie.gouv.fr/index.htm

·        Ministry of National Education http://www.education.gouv.fr

·        Ministère délégué à l'Enseignement supérieur et à la Recherche http://www.recherche.gouv.fr

·        CSRT - Le Conseil Supérieur de la Recherche et de la Technologie http://www.recherche.gouv.fr/conseil/csrt/default.hm

·        Politique en faveur de l'innovation http://www.recherche.gouv.fr/plan-innovation/

·        Innovations dans les services publics http://www.innovations-services-publics.gouv.fr/b2i2.nsf

 

·        Académie des sciences de Paris http://www.academie-sciences.fr/

 

·         ANR - L'Agence nationale de la recherche http://www.agence-nationale-recherche.fr/

·        CNES - Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales http://www.cnes.fr

·        CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique http://www.cnrs.fr

·        IFREMER - Institut français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer [French Institute of Research on Sea Use] http://www.ifremer.fr/anglais/

·        INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique [National Institute of Agricultural Research (The largest agriculturel raesearch institute in Europe)] http://www.international.inra.fr/

·        INRIA - Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (http://www.inria.fr

·        INSERM - Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale http://www.inserm.fr/fr/

·        Observatoire des Sciences et des Techniques http://www.obs-ost.fr/

·        Association Nationale de la Recherche Technique http://www.anrt.asso.fr

·        Centre d’Etudes et de Recherches sur les Qualifications http://www.cereq.fr 

·        INSEE - Institut National de la Statistique et des Etudes Economiques http://www.insee.fr 

·         OSEO - http://www.oseo.fr/; http://www.oseo.fr/oseo/oseo_in_english [OSEO was born in 2005, by bringing together ANVAR (French innovation agency) and BDPME (SME development bank), around a mission of general interest supporting the regional and national policies.]

·        APCE - Agence pour la création d'entreprises http://www.apce.com/index.php

·        Sophia Antipolis http://64.33.120.80/index.htm; http://64.33.120.80/index1.htm

 

Germany

 

·        Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (Federal Ministry of Education and Research) http://www.bmbf.de/; http://www.bmbf.de/en/index.php  

·        BMWi - Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Technologie (Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology) http://www.bmwi.de/BMWi/Navigation/root.html;  http://www.bmwi.de/English/Navigation/root.html

·        German Science Council http://www.wissenschaftsrat.de/

·        Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft http://www.fraunhofer.de/fhg/index.jsp; http://www.fraunhofer.de/fhg/EN/

·        Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research
www.isi.fhg.de; http://www.isi.fhg.de/homeisi.htm

·        DFG - Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft / German Research Foundation http://www.dfg.de/; http://www.dfg.de/en/index.html

·        Helmholtz Association of National Research Centres http://www.helmholtz.de/  

·        Max-Planck-Gesellschaft http://www.mpg.de/portal/index.html; http://www.mpg.de/english/portal/index.html

·        AiF - Arbeitsgemeinschaft industrieller Forschungsvereinigungen "Otto von Guericke" e.V. (German Federation of Industrial Research Associations "Otto von Guericke" [The central concern of this registered non-profit association is the promotion of applied Research and Development for the benefit of  SMEs]) www.aif.de; http://www.aif.de/en/index.htm

·        Wissenschaftsgemeinschaft Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz e. V. [a research organisation made up of 80 non-university research institutes and service facilities] http://www.leibniz-gemeinschaft.de/; http://www.leibniz-gemeinschaft.de/extern/englisch/index.html 

·        HRK - Hochschulrektorenkoferenz: Die Stimme der Hochschulen (German Rectors’ Conference: The voice of the universities) http://www.hrk.de/de/home/home.php; http://www.hrk.de/index_eng.php

·        DAAD - German Academic Exchange Service http://www.daad.org/

 

·        kompetenznetze.de [an initiative from the German Federal Ministry of Research and Education and is conceived as an instrument for international locational marketing due to the presentation of the most competent networks in Germany, and an attractive research source and communication platform for those seeking information and partners in Germany.] http://www.kompetenznetze.de/navi/de/root.html; http://www.kompetenznetze.de/navi/en/root.html

 

·        IZT - Institute for Futures Studies and Technology Assessment http://www.izt.de/english/ 

 

Greece

 

·        Ministry of Development - General Secretariat for Research and Technology http://www.gsrt.gr; http://www.gsrt.gr/default.asp

·        FORTH - Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas http://www.ics.forth.gr/  

 

Hungary

 

·        Ministry of Economic Affairs and Transport http://www.gm.hu/dokk/main/gkm; http://www.gm.hu/dokk/main/gkma

·        Deputy State Secretariat for Industry and Trade of the Hungarian Ministry of Economy Affairs and Transport http://212.108.197.140/dokk/main/gkmeng/trade_industry

·        TTPK - Science and Technology Policy Council [chaired by the Prime Minister] http://4t.gov.hu/main.php?folderID=1277&articleID=4292&ctag=articlelist&iid=1

·        4T - Science and Technology Policy, Competitiveness Advisory Board http://4t.gov.hu/main.php?folderID=1231; http://4t.gov.hu/main.php?folderID=1277 

·        National Office for Research and Technology http://www.nkth.gov.hu/; http://www.nkth.gov.hu/main.php?folderID=775 

·        Hungarian Academy of Sciences http://www.mta.hu/

·        KPI - Agency for Research Fund Management http://www.kutatas.hu/

 

Iceland

 

·        Government Offices http://government.is/; http://eng.stjornarrad.is/

·        Prime Minister' Office http://eng.forsaetisraduneyti.is/ 

·        Ministry of Culture and Education http://eng.menntamalaraduneyti.is/

·        Ministry of Industry and Trade http://eng.idnadarraduneyti.is/

·        RANNIS - Icelandic Research Council http://www.rannis.is  

·        University of Iceland http://www.hi.is 

 

Ireland

 

·        Irish Government http://www.irlgov.ie; http://www.gov.ie/

·        Department of Education and Science http://www.education.ie/home.jsp?category=10917&language=EN)

·        Department of Enterprise, Trade and Employment http://www.entemp.ie

·        Higher Education Authority [the statutory planning and advisory body for higher education and research in Ireland] http://www.hea.ie/

·        Advisory Council for Science, Technology and Innovation http://www.sciencecouncil.ie/

·        ICSTI - Irish Council for Science, Technology and Innovation http://www.forfas.ie/icsti/

·        RIA - Royal Irish Academy http://www.ria.ie/ 

·        Forfás - National Policy and Advisory Board for Enterprise, Trade, Science, Technology & Innovation http://www.forfas.ie

·        Enterprise Ireland http://www.enterprise-ireland.com/english.asp

·        IDA Ireland - Irish Investment and Development Agency http://www.ida.ie/;  http://www.idaireland.com/home/index.aspx

·        SFI - Science Foundation Ireland http://www.sfi.ie/home/index.asp

·        FÁS - Ireland's national training and employment authority http://www.fas.ie/ 

·        Shannon Development http://www.shannon-dev.ie/

·        InnovationWorks / National Technology Park Limerick http://www.shannon-dev.ie/innovation/default.htm

 

Italy

 

·        Il Ministro per l'Innovazione e le Tecnologie (Minister for Innovation and Technologies [delegated to act on behalf of the Prime Minister in the areas of technological innovation, the development of the information society and related innovations for government, citizens and businesses]) http://www.innovazione.gov.it/ita/index.shtml; http://www.innovazione.gov.it/eng/index.shtml

·        Ministero dell'Università e della Ricerca (Ministry of University and Research) http://www.miur.it/

·        Ministero dello Sviluppo Economico (Ministry of Economic Growth)  http://www.sviluppoeconomico.gov.it/

·        Accademia delle Scienze di Torino http://www.accademiadellescienze.it/

 

·        CNR - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (Italian National Research Council) http://www.cnr.it/sitocnr/home.html; http://www.cnr.it/sitocnr/Englishversion/Englishversion.html

·        IPI - Institute for Industrial Promotion http://www.ipi.it/; http://www.ipi.it/en_default.asp

·        RIDITT - Italian Network for Innovation Promotion and Technology Transfer http://www.riditt.it/page.asp

·        Link Altri enti di ricerca (Portal for Research Institutions) http://www.trisaia.enea.it/link4.htm

 

Japan

 

·        Cabinet Office / Government of Japan